History of computers

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  • Firstly Tim Cranmer Abacus invented an device and he named to that device is "ABACUS" in 1300AC. In this device we didn't have display and storage and this is used for the calculation purpose.
  • Secondly mathematician Blaise Pascal invented an device and he named to that device is "CALCULATOR" in 1642. In this device we have display but no storage. This is also used for calculation purpose.
  • Thirdly mathematician Charles Babbage invented an device and he named to that device is "COMPUTER". In this device we have display and storage.
Computer: It is an electronic device and it is a combination of hardware and software.
There are five generations in computers.


First generation computers:
1st generation computer was developed by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly and was a general purpose computer. "Von Neumann" designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in 1945 with a memory to hold both a storage program as well as Data .Von Neumann's computer allowed for all the computer functions to be controlled by a single source.
In first generation computer,the operating instructions or program were specifically built for the task for which computer was manufactured. The machine language was the only way to tell these machines to perform the operations. First Generation computers used 18,000 vaccum tubes,7,000 resistors and magnetic drums(for data storage). And the weight of the first generation computer is 30 tons. It consumes 150 kilowatts of power. It uses thousands of vaccum tubes, crystal diodes,relays, resistors and capacitors. The usage of 1st generation computers is 1941-1956. 
Second Generation computers:
The major change in the second generation computer is the replacement of vaccum tubes by transistors. Transistor computers consumes far less power,produced far less heat and were compared to the first generation computers. The first transistor computer was created at the Manchester University in 1953. In second generation computers,the program could be stored inside the computer memory. The second generation Computer was invented by John Barden, William B. Shockley and Watter H.vBrattain and the usage of these computers is 1956-1963.


Third Generation Computers:
The invention of the integrated circuits (IC's) was the hallmark of the third generation computers. And the integrated circuits was invented in 1958 by Jack Kilby. It combined electronic components onto a small silicon disc,which is a semiconductor, allowed then to beuch smaller and more practical to produce. And this change drastically increase the speed and efficiency of the computers. Also in third generation Computers,the operating systems allowed the machines to run many different applications. These applications were monitored and coordinated by the Computers memory.
The usage of these Computers is 1964-1971.


Fourth generation computers:
Fourth generation computers are the modern day Computers. The size started to go down with the improvement in the integrated circuits.very large scale(VLSI) and ultra large scale (ULSI) ensured that millions of components could be fit into a small chip. It reduced the size and price of the computers at the same time increasing power, efficiency and reliability. "The Intel 4004 chip was developed in 1971,took the integrated circuit one step further by locating all the components of a computer (CPU,I/o controls) on a minusle chip".
In 1981, IBM introduced personal computers (PC's) for home and office use, and Apple introduced the Macintosh in 1984. It introduces Graphic user interface (GUI) in which the users don't have to type instructions but could be use mouse for this purpose. The advent of the microprocessor spawned the evolution of microcomputers. And the usage of these Computers is 1971-present.


Fifth generation computers:
Fifth generation computing devices,based on AI(Artificial intelligence), are still in development,though there are some applications,such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computing and nano technology will radically change the face of computers in coming years.

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